Understanding the Linux directory structure is one of the most important steps after migrating from Windows to Linux. Unlike Windows, Linux uses a standardized file system layout defined by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS). For new Linux users, or those coming from Windows, learning the Linux filesystem hierarchy early on will make navigation, management, and troubleshooting much easier.
Linux File System Directory Structure Explained
What is the File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS)?
The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines how files and directories should be organized in Linux and other Unix-like systems.
This standard ensures consistency across Linux distributions such as Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, and Arch, making it easier to find files, understand system structure, and maintain cross-compatibility.
Linux Directory Structure Overview
Here’s a breakdown of the most important Linux directories and their purposes:
| Linux Directory | Purpose |
|---|---|
| /bin | Essential user command binaries (e.g., ls, cp, mv) required for system repair and management. |
| /boot | Boot loader files, Linux kernel, and GRUB configuration required to start the system. |
| /dev | Device files representing hardware (hard drives, USBs, terminals, etc.). |
| /etc | System-wide configuration files and startup scripts. |
| /home | User directories where personal files, documents, and settings are stored. |
| /lib | Shared libraries needed by system programs and commands in /bin and /sbin. |
| /media | Automatic mount points for removable media like USB drives and DVDs. |
| /mnt | Temporary mount point for mounting filesystems manually. |
| /opt | Optional third-party software and packages. |
| /proc | Virtual filesystem with runtime system and process information (CPU, memory, kernel settings). |
| /root | Home directory for the root (administrator) user. |
| /sbin | System binaries for administrative tasks (e.g., fsck, reboot). |
| /srv | Data served by services like web servers (/srv/www) or FTP. |
| /sys | Interface to the Linux kernel; provides hardware and device information. |
| /tmp | Temporary files (often cleared on reboot). |
| /usr | User applications, binaries, documentation, and libraries. One of the largest directories. |
| /var | Variable data such as system logs, caches, mail, and print spool files. |
Why Understanding Linux Directories Matters
Mastering the Linux file system hierarchy helps you:
- Navigate the system more efficiently.
- Manage files and directories with confidence.
- Troubleshoot system issues faster.
- Understand Linux permissions and security better.
FAQs About Linux Directory Structure
What is the difference between /bin and /sbin?
/bin contains essential commands for all users, while /sbin holds system binaries used mostly by the root user for administrative tasks.
What is stored in /etc?
/etc contains system configuration files (e.g., /etc/passwd for users, /etc/fstab for mounted filesystems).
Where are user files stored in Linux?
Personal user files and settings are stored under /home/username, similar to the "Users" folders in Windows.
Further Reading and Related Guides
- Find a File in Linux: Learn how to locate files and directories using
findandlocate. - How to Use the chmod Command in Linux: Control file and directory permissions with
chmod. - Essential Linux Shell Commands: Linux Shell Command reference guide.